Current - Issue
Year 2026 · Volume 6 · Issue 5
Original Article
Stability-Constrained Multi-Objective Dispatch of PV–Battery Inverters for Harmonic Suppression and Voltage Unbalance Compensation in Low-Voltage Distribution Networks
Adel Elgammal1
1 Professor, Utilities and Sustainable Engineering, The University of Trinidad & Tobago UTT.
Published Online: September-October 2026
Pages: 79-96
Cite this article
↗ https://www.doi.org/10.59256/ijsreat.20260605009
References
[1] C. Garcia-Uzca and D. Ochoa-Correa, “Power quality in grid-connected photovoltaic inverters: A systematic review of critical parameters, standards, and mitigation strategies,” IEEE Access, 2026, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2026.3732863.
[2] Y. Gui, K. Nainar, J. D. Bendtsen, N. Diewald, F. Iov, Y. Yang, F. Blaabjerg, Y. Xue, J. Liu, T. Hong, and J. Stoustrup, “Voltage support with PV inverters in low-voltage distribution networks: An overview,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 1503–1522, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2023.3280926.
[3] J. Schlabbach, D. Blume, and T. Stephanblome, “Guidelines for the technical assessment of harmonic, flicker and unbalance emission limits for PV-distributed generation,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 81, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2011.03.012.
[4] Q. Shi, H. Hu, W. Xu, and J. Yong, “Low-order harmonic characteristics of photovoltaic inverters,” Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst., vol. 26, pp. 347–364, 2016, doi: 10.1002/etep.2085.
[5] Z. Zeng, H. Li, S. Tang, H. Yang, and R. Zhao, “Multi-objective control of multi-functional grid-connected inverter for renewable energy integration and power quality service,” IET Power Electron., 2016, doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2015.0317.
[6] Z. Zeng, H. Yang, R. Zhao, and C. Cheng, “Topologies and control strategies of multi-functional grid-connected inverters for power quality enhancement: A comprehensive review,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 24, pp. 223–270, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.033.
[7] S. Y. Mousazadeh Mousavi, A. Jalilian, M. Savaghebi, and J. M. Guerrero, “Power quality enhancement and power management of a multifunctional interfacing inverter for PV and battery energy storage system,” Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst., vol. 28, no. 12, Art. no. e2643, 2018, doi: 10.1002/etep.2643.
[8] S. Pranith, “Multimode operation of PV-battery system with renewable intermittency smoothening and enhanced power quality,” IET Renew. Power Gener., 2019, doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.5843.
[9] V. S. R. V. Oruganti, D. V. S. S. S. Sarma, A. Mortezaei, T. D. C. Busarello, and M. G. Simões, “Power management algorithm for a conservative power theory battery storage based multi-functional three phase grid connected PV inverter,” Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst.,vol. 30, Art. no. e12605, 2020, doi: 10.1002/2050-7038.12605.
[10] F. Rezaei and S. Esmaeili, “A bi-level inter-phase coordinated control method for voltage regulation in unbalanced LV distribution networks using PV-battery energy storage systems,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 101, Art. no. 113943, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2024.113943.
[11] M. Wang, X. Zhang, T. Zhao, M. Ma, Y. Hu, F. Wang, and X. Wang, “Harmonic compensation strategy for single-phase cascaded H-bridge PV inverter under unbalanced power conditions,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 67, no. 12, 2020, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2019.2962461.
[12] S. Y. Mousazadeh Mousavi, A. Jalilian, M. Savaghebi, and J. M. Guerrero, “Coordinated control of multifunctional inverters for voltage support and harmonic compensation in a grid-connected microgrid,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 155, pp. 254–264, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2017.10.016.
[13] W. Guo and W. Xu, “Research on optimization strategy of harmonic suppression and reactive power compensation of photovoltaic multifunctional grid connected inverter,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., 2023, Art. no. 108649, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108649.
[14] C. Zhong, P. Wang, C. Liu, D. Guo, R. Wang, and Y. Liu, “Optimal harmonic compensation for grid-connected photovoltaic inverters under limited compensation margin,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 241, Art. no. 111406, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111406.
[15] X. Peng, J. Yin, J. Yu, J. Song, K. Liu, Z. Li, and T. Wei, “Linear quadratic regulator-based coordinated optimization for harmonic compensation in multifunctional grid-connected inverters,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 172, Art. no. 111333, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111333.
[16] Y. Wang, X. Wang, S. Li, X. Ma, Y. Chen, and S. Liu, “Optimization model for harmonic mitigation based on PV-ESS collaboration in small distribution systems,” Appl. Energy, vol. 356, Art. no. 122410, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.122410.
[17] G. Krishna Reddy and N. P. Padhy, “Enhancement of harmonic current compensation capability in three-phase photovoltaic inverters,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 253, Art. no. 112488, 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2025.112488.
[18] N. Kongtrakul, “Comprehensive review and a novel technique on voltage unbalance compensation,” IET Smart Grid, 2023, doi: 10.1049/stg2.12106.
[19] A. El-Naggar and I. Erlich, “Control approach of three-phase grid connected PV inverters for voltage unbalance mitigation in low-voltage distribution grids,” IET Renew. Power Gener., vol. 10, pp. 1577–1586, 2016, doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2016.0200.
[20] R. Shigenobu, A. Nakadomari, Y.-Y. Hong, P. Mandal, H. Takahashi, and T. Senjyu, “Optimization of voltage unbalance compensation by smart inverter,” Energies, vol. 13, no. 18, Art. no. 4623, 2020, doi: 10.3390/en13184623.
[21] K. R. Babu, “Smart inverter-based distributed Volt/Var control for voltage violation mitigation of unbalanced distribution networks,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 1481–1490, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3372603.
[22] Q. Feng, P. Yang, Y. Xia, W. Wei, and Y. Han, “Optimal voltage unbalance suppression control using PV inverter in distribution network,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 2025, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2025.3576144.
[23] K. Gholami, S. Karimi, and A. Anvari-Moghaddam, “Multi-objective stochastic planning of electric vehicle charging stations in unbalanced distribution networks supported by smart photovoltaic inverters,” Sustain. Cities Soc., vol. 84, Art. no. 104029, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2022.104029.
[24] M. Zolfaghari and A. Jalilian, “Minimizing power loss and voltage unbalance in active distribution networks employing multi-objective optimization of voltage regulation equipment and DER re-phasing,” Results Eng., 2026, Art. no. 109008, doi: 10.1016/j.rineng.2026.109008.
[25] R. C. de Barros, E. M. S. Brito, G. G. Rodrigues, V. F. Mendes, A. F. Cupertino, and H. A. Pereira, “Lifetime evaluation of a multifunctional PV single-phase inverter during harmonic current compensation,” Microelectron. Rel., vols. 88–90, pp. 1071–1076, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.microrel.2018.07.009.
[26] E. M. da S. Brito, A. F. Cupertino, R. C. de Barros, W. do C. Boaventura, and H. A. Pereira, “Methodology for bondwire lifetime evaluation of multifunctional PV inverter during harmonic current compensation,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 128, Art. no. 106711, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106711.
[27] J. M. S. Callegari, M. P. Silva, R. C. de Barros, E. M. S. Brito, A. F. Cupertino, and H. A. Pereira, “Lifetime evaluation of three-phase multifunctional PV inverters with reactive power compensation,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 175, Art. no. 105873, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2019.105873.
[28] O. Gandhi, C. D. Rodriguez-Gallegos, N. B. Y. Gorla, M. Bieri, T. Reindl, and D. Srinivasan, “Reactive power cost from PV inverters considering inverter lifetime assessment,” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 738–747, 2019, doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2018.2846544.
[29] E. M. da S. Brito, A. F. Cupertino, H. A. Pereira, and V. F. Mendes, “Reliability-based trade-off analysis of reactive power capability in PV inverters under different sizing ratio,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 136, Art. no. 107677, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107677.
[30] J. Luo, F. Teng, and S. Bu, “Stability-constrained power system scheduling: A review,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 219331–219343, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3042658.
[2] Y. Gui, K. Nainar, J. D. Bendtsen, N. Diewald, F. Iov, Y. Yang, F. Blaabjerg, Y. Xue, J. Liu, T. Hong, and J. Stoustrup, “Voltage support with PV inverters in low-voltage distribution networks: An overview,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 1503–1522, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2023.3280926.
[3] J. Schlabbach, D. Blume, and T. Stephanblome, “Guidelines for the technical assessment of harmonic, flicker and unbalance emission limits for PV-distributed generation,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 81, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2011.03.012.
[4] Q. Shi, H. Hu, W. Xu, and J. Yong, “Low-order harmonic characteristics of photovoltaic inverters,” Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst., vol. 26, pp. 347–364, 2016, doi: 10.1002/etep.2085.
[5] Z. Zeng, H. Li, S. Tang, H. Yang, and R. Zhao, “Multi-objective control of multi-functional grid-connected inverter for renewable energy integration and power quality service,” IET Power Electron., 2016, doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2015.0317.
[6] Z. Zeng, H. Yang, R. Zhao, and C. Cheng, “Topologies and control strategies of multi-functional grid-connected inverters for power quality enhancement: A comprehensive review,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 24, pp. 223–270, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.033.
[7] S. Y. Mousazadeh Mousavi, A. Jalilian, M. Savaghebi, and J. M. Guerrero, “Power quality enhancement and power management of a multifunctional interfacing inverter for PV and battery energy storage system,” Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst., vol. 28, no. 12, Art. no. e2643, 2018, doi: 10.1002/etep.2643.
[8] S. Pranith, “Multimode operation of PV-battery system with renewable intermittency smoothening and enhanced power quality,” IET Renew. Power Gener., 2019, doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.5843.
[9] V. S. R. V. Oruganti, D. V. S. S. S. Sarma, A. Mortezaei, T. D. C. Busarello, and M. G. Simões, “Power management algorithm for a conservative power theory battery storage based multi-functional three phase grid connected PV inverter,” Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst.,vol. 30, Art. no. e12605, 2020, doi: 10.1002/2050-7038.12605.
[10] F. Rezaei and S. Esmaeili, “A bi-level inter-phase coordinated control method for voltage regulation in unbalanced LV distribution networks using PV-battery energy storage systems,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 101, Art. no. 113943, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2024.113943.
[11] M. Wang, X. Zhang, T. Zhao, M. Ma, Y. Hu, F. Wang, and X. Wang, “Harmonic compensation strategy for single-phase cascaded H-bridge PV inverter under unbalanced power conditions,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 67, no. 12, 2020, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2019.2962461.
[12] S. Y. Mousazadeh Mousavi, A. Jalilian, M. Savaghebi, and J. M. Guerrero, “Coordinated control of multifunctional inverters for voltage support and harmonic compensation in a grid-connected microgrid,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 155, pp. 254–264, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2017.10.016.
[13] W. Guo and W. Xu, “Research on optimization strategy of harmonic suppression and reactive power compensation of photovoltaic multifunctional grid connected inverter,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., 2023, Art. no. 108649, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108649.
[14] C. Zhong, P. Wang, C. Liu, D. Guo, R. Wang, and Y. Liu, “Optimal harmonic compensation for grid-connected photovoltaic inverters under limited compensation margin,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 241, Art. no. 111406, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111406.
[15] X. Peng, J. Yin, J. Yu, J. Song, K. Liu, Z. Li, and T. Wei, “Linear quadratic regulator-based coordinated optimization for harmonic compensation in multifunctional grid-connected inverters,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 172, Art. no. 111333, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111333.
[16] Y. Wang, X. Wang, S. Li, X. Ma, Y. Chen, and S. Liu, “Optimization model for harmonic mitigation based on PV-ESS collaboration in small distribution systems,” Appl. Energy, vol. 356, Art. no. 122410, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.122410.
[17] G. Krishna Reddy and N. P. Padhy, “Enhancement of harmonic current compensation capability in three-phase photovoltaic inverters,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 253, Art. no. 112488, 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2025.112488.
[18] N. Kongtrakul, “Comprehensive review and a novel technique on voltage unbalance compensation,” IET Smart Grid, 2023, doi: 10.1049/stg2.12106.
[19] A. El-Naggar and I. Erlich, “Control approach of three-phase grid connected PV inverters for voltage unbalance mitigation in low-voltage distribution grids,” IET Renew. Power Gener., vol. 10, pp. 1577–1586, 2016, doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2016.0200.
[20] R. Shigenobu, A. Nakadomari, Y.-Y. Hong, P. Mandal, H. Takahashi, and T. Senjyu, “Optimization of voltage unbalance compensation by smart inverter,” Energies, vol. 13, no. 18, Art. no. 4623, 2020, doi: 10.3390/en13184623.
[21] K. R. Babu, “Smart inverter-based distributed Volt/Var control for voltage violation mitigation of unbalanced distribution networks,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 1481–1490, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3372603.
[22] Q. Feng, P. Yang, Y. Xia, W. Wei, and Y. Han, “Optimal voltage unbalance suppression control using PV inverter in distribution network,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 2025, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2025.3576144.
[23] K. Gholami, S. Karimi, and A. Anvari-Moghaddam, “Multi-objective stochastic planning of electric vehicle charging stations in unbalanced distribution networks supported by smart photovoltaic inverters,” Sustain. Cities Soc., vol. 84, Art. no. 104029, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2022.104029.
[24] M. Zolfaghari and A. Jalilian, “Minimizing power loss and voltage unbalance in active distribution networks employing multi-objective optimization of voltage regulation equipment and DER re-phasing,” Results Eng., 2026, Art. no. 109008, doi: 10.1016/j.rineng.2026.109008.
[25] R. C. de Barros, E. M. S. Brito, G. G. Rodrigues, V. F. Mendes, A. F. Cupertino, and H. A. Pereira, “Lifetime evaluation of a multifunctional PV single-phase inverter during harmonic current compensation,” Microelectron. Rel., vols. 88–90, pp. 1071–1076, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.microrel.2018.07.009.
[26] E. M. da S. Brito, A. F. Cupertino, R. C. de Barros, W. do C. Boaventura, and H. A. Pereira, “Methodology for bondwire lifetime evaluation of multifunctional PV inverter during harmonic current compensation,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 128, Art. no. 106711, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106711.
[27] J. M. S. Callegari, M. P. Silva, R. C. de Barros, E. M. S. Brito, A. F. Cupertino, and H. A. Pereira, “Lifetime evaluation of three-phase multifunctional PV inverters with reactive power compensation,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 175, Art. no. 105873, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2019.105873.
[28] O. Gandhi, C. D. Rodriguez-Gallegos, N. B. Y. Gorla, M. Bieri, T. Reindl, and D. Srinivasan, “Reactive power cost from PV inverters considering inverter lifetime assessment,” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 738–747, 2019, doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2018.2846544.
[29] E. M. da S. Brito, A. F. Cupertino, H. A. Pereira, and V. F. Mendes, “Reliability-based trade-off analysis of reactive power capability in PV inverters under different sizing ratio,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 136, Art. no. 107677, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107677.
[30] J. Luo, F. Teng, and S. Bu, “Stability-constrained power system scheduling: A review,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 219331–219343, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3042658.
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