- Home
- Archives
- 2026
- Vol. 6 Issue 6
- Article
Planet Compute: A Verifiable AI Grid from Idle Browsers and Desktops Design, Early Measurements, and a Million-Device Simulation
Authors
1 Syncaissa Systems Inc, USA.
Article Information
- Published In
- Volume 6, Issue 6 (2026)
- Published Online
- November-December 2026
- Pages
- 111-125
- Article Type
- Original Article
References
1. Anderson, David P. 2004. “BOINC: A System for Public-Resource Computing and Storage.” In Proceedings of the 5th IEEE/ACM International Workshop on Grid Computing, 4–10.2020.
2. “BOINC: A Platform for Volunteer Computing.” Journal of Grid Computing 18 (1): 99–122.
3. Ashkboos, Saleh, Maximilian L. Croci, Marcelo Gennari do Nascimento, Torsten Hoefler, and James Hensman. 2024. “SliceGPT: Compress Large Language Models by Deleting Rows and Columns.” In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR).
4. Ashkboos, Saleh, Amirkeivan Mohtashami, Maximilian L. Croci, Bo Li, Pashmina Cameron, Martin Jaggi, Dan Alistarh, Torsten Hoefler, and James Hensman. 2024. “QuaRot: Outlier-Free 4-Bit Inference in Rotated LLMs.” In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS).
5. Beberg, Adam L., Daniel L. Ensign, Guha Jayachandran, Siraj Khaliq, and Vijay S. Pande. 2009. “Folding@home: Lessons from Eight Years of Volunteer Distributed Computing.” In IEEE International Symposium on Parallel & Distributed Processing (IPDPS).
6. Borzunov, Alexander, Dmitry Baranchuk, Tim Dettmers, Max Ryabinin, Younes Belkada, Artem Chumachenko, Pavel Samygin, and Colin Raffel. 2023. “Petals: Collaborative Inference and Fine-Tuning of Large Models.” In Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the ACL (System Demonstrations), 558–68.
7. Cloudflare. 2026. “Durable Objects.” https://developers.cloudflare.com/durable-objects/.
8. Dean, Jeffrey, and Sanjay Ghemawat. 2004. “MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters.” In 6th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI), 137–50.
9. Eskandari, Shayan, Andreas Leoutsarakos, Troy Mursch, and Jeremy Clark. 2018. “A First Look at Browser-Based Cryptojacking.” In IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops (EuroS&PW), 58–66.
10. Freivalds, Rūsiņš. 1977. “Probabilistic Machines Can Use Less Running Time.” In Information Processing 77, Proceedings of the IFIP Congress, 839–42.
11. Gerganov, Georgi, and llama.cpp contributors. 2023. “Llama.cpp: LLM Inference in C/C++.” https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp.
12. gfx-rs contributors. 2026. “Wgpu: Cross-Platform, Safe, Pure-Rust Graphics API.” https://wgpu.rs.
13. Golem Factory. 2016. “The Golem Project: Crowdfunding Whitepaper.” https://golem.network.
14. Golle, Philippe, and Ilya Mironov. 2001. “Uncheatable Distributed Computations.” In Topics in Cryptology – CT-RSA 2001, 2020:425–40. LNCS.
15. Gridcoin contributors. 2026. “Gridcoin: Rewarding Volunteer Distributed Computing.” https://gridcoin.us.
16. Huang, Zhewei, Tianyuan Zhang, Wen Heng, Boxin Shi, and Shuchang Zhou. 2022. “Real-Time Intermediate Flow Estimation for Video Frame Interpolation.” In European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV).
17. Jangda, Abhinav, Bobby Powers, Emery D. Berger, and Arjun Guha. 2019. “Not so Fast: Analyzing the Performance of WebAssembly Vs. Native Code.” In USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC), 107–20.
18. Konoth, Radhesh Krishnan, Emanuele Vineti, Veelasha Moonsamy, Martina Lindorfer, Christopher Kruegel, Herbert Bos, and Giovanni Vigna. 2018. “MineSweeper: An in-Depth Look into Drive-by Cryptocurrency Mining and Its Defense.” In Proceedings of the ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS), 1714–30.
19. Lavoie, Erick, Laurie Hendren, Frédéric Desprez, and Miguel Correia. 2019. “Pando: Personal Volunteer Computing in Browsers.” In Proceedings of the 20th International Middleware Conference, 96–109.
20. leejet and contributors. 2026. “Stable-Diffusion.cpp: Diffusion Model Inference in Pure C/C++.” https://github.com/leejet/stable-diffusion.cpp.
21. Lenstra, Arjen K., and Mark S. Manasse. 1990. “Factoring by Electronic Mail.” In Advances in Cryptology: EUROCRYPT ’89, 434:355–71. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer.
22. Litzkow, Michael J., Miron Livny, and Matt W. Mutka. 1988. “Condor: A Hunter of Idle Workstations.” In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), 104–11.
23. Pan, Yao, Jules White, Yu Sun, and Jeff Gray. 2015. “Gray Computing: An Analysis of Computing with Background JavaScript Tasks.” In IEEE/ACM 37th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE), 167–77.
24. Ryabinin, Max, and Anton Gusev. 2020. “Towards Crowdsourced Training of Large Neural Networks Using Decentralized Mixture-of-Experts.” In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS). Vol. 33.
25. Salad Technologies. 2026. “SaladCloud: Distributed GPU Cloud on Consumer Hardware.” https://salad.com.
26. Sarmenta, Luis F. G. 2002. “Sabotage-Tolerance Mechanisms for Volunteer Computing Systems.” Future Generation Computer Systems 18 (4): 561–72.
27. Shoch, John F., and Jon A. Hupp. 1982. “The ‘Worm’ Programs: Early Experience with a Distributed Computation.” Communications of the ACM 25 (3): 172–80.
28. Tauri Programme within The Commons Conservancy. 2024. “Tauri 2: Build Smaller, Faster, and More Secure Desktop and Mobile Applications.” https://v2.tauri.app.
29. W3C GPU for the Web Working Group. 2025. “WebGPU.” W3C Candidate Recommendation, https://www.w3.org/TR/webgpu/.
30. W3C WebAssembly Working Group. 2025. “WebAssembly Core Specification.” https://webassembly.github.io/spec/core/.
31. Wang, Zhou, Alan C. Bovik, Hamid R. Sheikh, and Eero P. Simoncelli. 2004. “Image Quality Assessment: From Error Visibility to Structural Similarity.” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 13 (4): 600–612.
32. Zimmerman, Maxwell I., Justin R. Porter, Michael D. Ward, et al. 2021. “SARS-CoV-2 Simulations Go Exascale to Predict Dramatic Spike Opening and Cryptic Pockets Across the Proteome.” Nature Chemistry 13: 651–59.
2. “BOINC: A Platform for Volunteer Computing.” Journal of Grid Computing 18 (1): 99–122.
3. Ashkboos, Saleh, Maximilian L. Croci, Marcelo Gennari do Nascimento, Torsten Hoefler, and James Hensman. 2024. “SliceGPT: Compress Large Language Models by Deleting Rows and Columns.” In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR).
4. Ashkboos, Saleh, Amirkeivan Mohtashami, Maximilian L. Croci, Bo Li, Pashmina Cameron, Martin Jaggi, Dan Alistarh, Torsten Hoefler, and James Hensman. 2024. “QuaRot: Outlier-Free 4-Bit Inference in Rotated LLMs.” In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS).
5. Beberg, Adam L., Daniel L. Ensign, Guha Jayachandran, Siraj Khaliq, and Vijay S. Pande. 2009. “Folding@home: Lessons from Eight Years of Volunteer Distributed Computing.” In IEEE International Symposium on Parallel & Distributed Processing (IPDPS).
6. Borzunov, Alexander, Dmitry Baranchuk, Tim Dettmers, Max Ryabinin, Younes Belkada, Artem Chumachenko, Pavel Samygin, and Colin Raffel. 2023. “Petals: Collaborative Inference and Fine-Tuning of Large Models.” In Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the ACL (System Demonstrations), 558–68.
7. Cloudflare. 2026. “Durable Objects.” https://developers.cloudflare.com/durable-objects/.
8. Dean, Jeffrey, and Sanjay Ghemawat. 2004. “MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters.” In 6th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI), 137–50.
9. Eskandari, Shayan, Andreas Leoutsarakos, Troy Mursch, and Jeremy Clark. 2018. “A First Look at Browser-Based Cryptojacking.” In IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops (EuroS&PW), 58–66.
10. Freivalds, Rūsiņš. 1977. “Probabilistic Machines Can Use Less Running Time.” In Information Processing 77, Proceedings of the IFIP Congress, 839–42.
11. Gerganov, Georgi, and llama.cpp contributors. 2023. “Llama.cpp: LLM Inference in C/C++.” https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp.
12. gfx-rs contributors. 2026. “Wgpu: Cross-Platform, Safe, Pure-Rust Graphics API.” https://wgpu.rs.
13. Golem Factory. 2016. “The Golem Project: Crowdfunding Whitepaper.” https://golem.network.
14. Golle, Philippe, and Ilya Mironov. 2001. “Uncheatable Distributed Computations.” In Topics in Cryptology – CT-RSA 2001, 2020:425–40. LNCS.
15. Gridcoin contributors. 2026. “Gridcoin: Rewarding Volunteer Distributed Computing.” https://gridcoin.us.
16. Huang, Zhewei, Tianyuan Zhang, Wen Heng, Boxin Shi, and Shuchang Zhou. 2022. “Real-Time Intermediate Flow Estimation for Video Frame Interpolation.” In European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV).
17. Jangda, Abhinav, Bobby Powers, Emery D. Berger, and Arjun Guha. 2019. “Not so Fast: Analyzing the Performance of WebAssembly Vs. Native Code.” In USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC), 107–20.
18. Konoth, Radhesh Krishnan, Emanuele Vineti, Veelasha Moonsamy, Martina Lindorfer, Christopher Kruegel, Herbert Bos, and Giovanni Vigna. 2018. “MineSweeper: An in-Depth Look into Drive-by Cryptocurrency Mining and Its Defense.” In Proceedings of the ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS), 1714–30.
19. Lavoie, Erick, Laurie Hendren, Frédéric Desprez, and Miguel Correia. 2019. “Pando: Personal Volunteer Computing in Browsers.” In Proceedings of the 20th International Middleware Conference, 96–109.
20. leejet and contributors. 2026. “Stable-Diffusion.cpp: Diffusion Model Inference in Pure C/C++.” https://github.com/leejet/stable-diffusion.cpp.
21. Lenstra, Arjen K., and Mark S. Manasse. 1990. “Factoring by Electronic Mail.” In Advances in Cryptology: EUROCRYPT ’89, 434:355–71. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer.
22. Litzkow, Michael J., Miron Livny, and Matt W. Mutka. 1988. “Condor: A Hunter of Idle Workstations.” In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), 104–11.
23. Pan, Yao, Jules White, Yu Sun, and Jeff Gray. 2015. “Gray Computing: An Analysis of Computing with Background JavaScript Tasks.” In IEEE/ACM 37th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE), 167–77.
24. Ryabinin, Max, and Anton Gusev. 2020. “Towards Crowdsourced Training of Large Neural Networks Using Decentralized Mixture-of-Experts.” In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS). Vol. 33.
25. Salad Technologies. 2026. “SaladCloud: Distributed GPU Cloud on Consumer Hardware.” https://salad.com.
26. Sarmenta, Luis F. G. 2002. “Sabotage-Tolerance Mechanisms for Volunteer Computing Systems.” Future Generation Computer Systems 18 (4): 561–72.
27. Shoch, John F., and Jon A. Hupp. 1982. “The ‘Worm’ Programs: Early Experience with a Distributed Computation.” Communications of the ACM 25 (3): 172–80.
28. Tauri Programme within The Commons Conservancy. 2024. “Tauri 2: Build Smaller, Faster, and More Secure Desktop and Mobile Applications.” https://v2.tauri.app.
29. W3C GPU for the Web Working Group. 2025. “WebGPU.” W3C Candidate Recommendation, https://www.w3.org/TR/webgpu/.
30. W3C WebAssembly Working Group. 2025. “WebAssembly Core Specification.” https://webassembly.github.io/spec/core/.
31. Wang, Zhou, Alan C. Bovik, Hamid R. Sheikh, and Eero P. Simoncelli. 2004. “Image Quality Assessment: From Error Visibility to Structural Similarity.” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 13 (4): 600–612.
32. Zimmerman, Maxwell I., Justin R. Porter, Michael D. Ward, et al. 2021. “SARS-CoV-2 Simulations Go Exascale to Predict Dramatic Spike Opening and Cryptic Pockets Across the Proteome.” Nature Chemistry 13: 651–59.
Related Articles
Share Article
*Instagram doesn't support direct link sharing from web. Copy the link and share it in your Instagram story or post.